the blue eyes and brown eyes experiment unethical

copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. Looking back, the experiment may have demonstrated to participants what bias felt like, but it failed to include any demonstration of how kindness, compassion, or empathy might play roles in reducing prejudice. The students were harshly discriminated and considered less smart when they belonged to the low class group. She had never met me, and she accused me in front of everyone of using my sexuality to get ahead.. To get it started, she asked the children about which people they would perceive as lower class. Since, none of the students was colored she used their eye color to demonstrate. It is an unflinching assessment of the incendiary experiment forever associated with Elliott, even though she was not the first to try it out. His current work focuses on long-form nonfiction, oral history, and online narrative journalism. Why Did Jane Elliott Choose Eye Color To Divide Her Students? The idea was simple but profound. Lasting Impact of Blue Eyes Brown Eyes Experiment, Words are the most powerful weapon devised by humankind. Why is cheating in an exam or essay wrong for Kant. The law states that we can store cookies on your device if they are strictly necessary for the operation of this site. When she separated the class by eye color and announced that blue-eyed children were superior, Paul Bodensteiner objected at every turn. The "superior" students were . Read More, In case of sale of your personal information, you may opt out by using the link Do Not Sell My Personal Information. The searing story is a cautionary tale that examines power and privilege in and out of the classroom. She says its because racism, sexism, homophobia, ageism, and ethnocentrism are mean and nasty. In this article, we talk about leadership and female discrimination.. Brown-eyed people. Applied Research. Two months after trying it out, Elliott appeared on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, followed by an appearance in an award-winning network TV documentary, and a headline-making White House conference on education. Login, For undergraduate concerns and questions: Part of the problem is that the blue-eyed group is exclusively white, while the brown-eyed group is predominantly non-white, so that eye colour is no longer an analogue or metaphor for race. 319.335.2633 Elliott separated her all-white class of students into two groups: blue-eyed children and brown-eyed children. When I interviewed Riceville residents, mentioning Elliotts name generated outbursts of anger and anguish. Learn about Jane Elliott's blue eyes vs brown eyes experiment. The next day, Elliott reversed the roles. The blue-eyed children were told not to do their homework because, even if they answered all the questions, theyd probably forget to bring the assignment back to class. So Elliott decided to teach her class a daring lesson in the meaning of discrimination. Is there a radio station that plays calm music? Explain why standardization, reliability, and validity are all essential to scientifically acceptable psychological tests. She wanted to show her pupils what discrimination feels like, and what it can do to people. On an otherwise deserted and isolated island, 200 perfect logicians . The Blue-Eyed, Brown-Eyed Exercise by CommonLit Staff 2014 7th Grade Lexile: 1190 Font Size After the assassination of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a third-grade teacher named Jane Elliott led a social experiment to help her students understand the unfair treatment of African Americans. That same year, Elliott was invited to the White House Conference on Children and Youth to conduct an exercise on adult educators. Iowa City, IA 52242-1409 The following are some of her most insightful quotes on these issues. "A Class Divided" is a 1985 episode of the PBS series Frontline. In workshops Elliott led, there were indelible moments of joy and tears, affirmation and recrimination, hugging and screaming. It also shows how arbitrary and subjective things can turn friends, family members, and citizens against each other. Things even got violent at recess. Another unethical thing that Tudor did was not tell these orphans that they were apart of a study. Practical Psychology began as a collection of study material for psychology students in 2016, created by a student in the field. As a result, Elliott would go on to appear on Johnny Carsons Tonight Show, followed by a stormy White House conference, The Oprah Winfrey Show, and thousands of media events and diversity-training sessions worldwide, during which she employed the provocative experiment to induce racism. The Blue Eyes and Brown Eyes Experiment is considered unethical since it caused psychological damage to the children who were pitted against one See full answer below. Elliot said that when the children were given the test on the same day that they were in the superior group, they tended to get the highest scores. Why is Jane Elliots experiment unethical? She then proceeded to tell the class the brown-eyed children were superior to the blue-eyed children in every way because of the amount of melanin they had in their eyes. Jane Elliott, a teacher and anti-racism activist, performed a direct experiment with the students in her classroom. Brown eyed students were allowed to drink from the water fountain, while blue eyed students had to use a cup to get water. In Zimbardo's experiment the conditions were much more controlled for later study but the r. This was intentional. You have the right color eyes!. The "superior" group was praised and told they were more gifted, which increased their self-confidence. They also harassed them constantly. Blue-eyed people. Sign up for Politics Weekly.]. 120 Schaeffer Hall In 2001, Jane Elliott recordedThe Angry Eye,in which she revised and updated her experiment. The Blue Eyes and Brown Eyes Experiment is considered unethical since it caused psychological damage to the children who were pitted against one another. How is the blue eyes brown eyes exercise related to the Sioux prayer? To this day, at the age of 86, Jane Elliott continues this work. How does one's personality influenced by a phenotype? What ethical issues can arise when using a correlational research method? The day after Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination in 1968, Jane Elliott, a schoolteacher in rural Iowa, introduced to her all-white third-grade class a shocking . Jane Elliot's 'The Blue Eyes and Brown Eyes Experiment' was unethical in that she created a segregated environment in a third grade classroom. Blue Eyes, Brown Eyes: A Cautionary Tale of Race and Brutality 2022-11-06. Thats what it feels like when youre discriminated against., -A child participant in the Blue Eyes-Brown Eyes experiment-. Why or why not? Many still see the students and the town itself as victims of a human experiment to which they had not consented. In this photograph from Sept. 13, 1965, Black children on their way to school in New York City pass by segregationists protesting integrated busing. She told them that people with brown eyes were superior to those with blue eyes, for reasons she made up. (LogOut/ The blue-eyed students wouldnt be allowed second helpings in the cafeteria. On different days, one of the groups was given special treatment. The same experiment was also used a couple of years later with adults. If you have ever heard of the self-fulfilling prophecy, these results may not come as a surprise. Did Milgram conduct his shock experiment in an ethical fashion? As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. How did Elliotts discrimination create no win situations for those placed in the inferior group? In 2001, she was still trying to make a change. In what is now famously known as the "blue eyes, brown eyes" exercise, Elliott divided her class into two groups based on a characteristic over which they had no control: eye color. Considering all the stereotypes and prejudices that exist, what kind of damage is being done? She also made the brown-eyed students put construction paper armbands on the blue-eyed students. Why is it important to evaluate the reliability and validity of a psychological test? This experiment divided the class into students with blue eyes and students with brown eyes. She also made the brown-eyed students put construction paper armbands on the blue-eyed students. I felt like quitting school. | Proudly powered by WordPress. Brown eyes + blue eyes = 50% chance of blue eyes, but only if the brown-eyed parent carries a blue-eyed gene. Did it work? The class of third graders are told that blue-eyed people are smarter and better than brown-eyed people. Their teacher, Jane Elliott, wanted to teach her third-graders a lesson in discrimination, so she told them that blue-eyed people were superior to those with brown eyes. Children are able to understand discrimination and its negative consequences. All rights reserved. Explain your reasoning. Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library, Group Prejudice: Jane Elliott's Brown Eyes vs. Blue Eyes Experiment. Blue Eye/Brown Eye is an experiment performed by Jane Elliot in 1968 on the day after Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated to demonstrate what prejudice was to her third grade class. How was the Stanford Prison Experiment unethical? Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968, Jane Elliott, a primary school teacher in a small predominantly white town in the state of Iowa, decided to help her third grader students (Year 4 in the UK) understand how society can influence our beliefs about our own identities and the identities of our neighbours. How do the trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory explain color vision? The students were surprised, but they didnt argue. And the exercise continued in a similar fashion to how it was executed the day before. By 1984, Elliott left her public schoolteachers job and had taken the blue eyes/brown eyes experiment on the road. How will this affect the interpretations and conclusions you can/can't make from the research data? The mainstream media were complicit in advancing such a simplistic narrative. When you study Jane Elliotts famous lesson on discrimination, what is one conclusion you are MOST likely to make? This way, she successfully created two distinct groups in her classroom: The consequences of the minimal group became evident very quickly. Todays efforts to teach anti-racism through diversity, equity, and inclusion workshops face some of the same blowback. Is it even possible today? If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Professor Stephen G. Bloom is a member of the faculty at the University of Iowa School of Journalism and Mass Communication. One student said it was the equivalent of black people being called derogatory names. You may not know Jane Elliott by name, but you likely have heard of the blue eyes/brown eyes experiment, which has been performed on hundreds of thousands of children and adults across the United States and around the world. Children with brown eyes were forced to wear armbands that made it easy for people to see that they had brown eyes. Define a phenotype? In explaining the experiment rules to the brown-eyed contestants, she addresses the people of color in the room. Subsequent research designed to gauge the efficacy of Elliotts attempt at reducing prejudice showed that many participants were shocked by the experiment, but it did nothing to address or explain the root causes of racism. The eyes remained motionless as a thin, graceful reflection sauntered up and came to a stop. Given we can make causal claims from experiments and not from correlational studies, why don't we just experiment all the time? Why is it difficult to conduct experimental research in education? As to conclude, Mrs. Jane has used deception for a good purpose in the experiment and ended up explaining the truth to the children. PracticalPsychology. Elliott would play a role resembling that of the contemporary anti-racist author Robin DiAngelo today: a white woman who becomes a famous, international authority on bias. No paywall. (LogOut/ In 2004, the American publishing giant, McGraw Hill, created a poster suitable for classroom display that included Elliott alongside other venerated thinkers and teachers, including Plato, Maria Montessori, Booker T. Washington, and Horace Mann. Blue Eyes, Brown Eyes offers an intimate portrait of the insular community where Elliott grew up and conducted the experiment on the towns children for more than a decade. Are brown-eyed people better than blue-eyed people? All rights reserved. What ethical standards were violated in Milgram's obedience experiment? But Paul, one of eight siblings and the son of a dairy farmer, didnt buy Elliotts mollification. What was the aim of Milgram's study? She wanted to show her students that an arbitrarily established difference could separate them and pit them against each other. The children said yes, and the exercise began. Blue-eyed genes are generally recessive. Blue-eyed people are seen as being the most expressive. Weve been here before, with unsettling and disturbing results. The blue-eyed participants faced discrimination for two and a half hours. Today, she says, it's still playing out as the U.S. reckons with racial injustice. Blue eyed/brown eyed experiment The issues in this study were that she separated her class into two groups one being the brown eyed group and the other being blue eyed group . After being treated like a member of the inferior group, students were less inclined to treat their peers that way. But Elliotts experiment had a more sinister impact. What was the aim of Jane Elliotts experiment? What ethical standards did the Monster Study violate? She also made the brown-eyed students put construction paper armbands on the blue-eyed students. b. They gossiped about her in the hallway. While the heart of what Elliott did was racism abatement, she also began folding into her intense workshops issues of gender and age bias, along with prejudice based on conventional Western beauty standards. Marketing cookies are used to track visitors across websites. After the exercise white college students in . Therefore, two brown-eyed partners can birth a blue-eyed baby. He teaches magazine reporting and writing, and media ethics in a digital age. Unfortunately, social psychologists find issues in experimenting social behavior without breaking ethical rules since informing some participants might influence their attitude in the experiment. When you study Jane Elliotts famous lesson on discrimination What is one conclusion you are most likely to make? The Blue Eyes Brown Eyes exercise is now known as the inspiration for diversity training in the workplace, making Jane Elliott one of the most influential educators in recent American history. In 1971, when Elliott was pitting blue-eyed students against their brown-eyed counterparts, Zimbardo was conducting his own contentious research, known as the Stanford Prison Experiment, to show how easy it was to make thugs out of college students once they were given an overdose of power. In fact, most of the initial response was negative. I consent to the use of following cookies: Necessary cookies help make a website usable by enabling basic functions like page navigation and access to secure areas of the website. This exercise teaches those students to not judge someone by his/her eye color. God's Crooked Lines: Paranoia or Reality? 319.335.2625 Elliott asked her students to write about their experiences for the local newspaper. b. To most people, it seemed to suggest that racism could be reduced, even eliminated, by a one- or two-day exercise. Voir les partenaires de TheConversation France. Explain the benefit of studying ethics. The Blue Eyes & Brown Eyes Exercise. The blue-eyes group was discriminated against while the people with brown eyes were treated with respect. Analytics cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with websites by collecting and reporting information anonymously. A class divided is a documentary about a teacher named Jane Elliot who teaches her students about racism first hand. She told them that people with brown eyes were better than people with blue eyes. It seemed to evince that all white people had to do to learn about racism was restrain themselves from an impulse to engage in made-up cruelty. According to the blue eyes brown eyes experiment, it is not a nice feeling to belong to the inferior group in society. Jane Elliott, one of the most controversial figures in U.S. education and diversity training, began her journey to international acclaim in Riceville, Iowa. Debriefing. c. What was concluded by Milgram after this experiment? They didnt need to engage with a single Black person. Amrita. Explain why a social worker is faced with an ethical dilemma when they discover that the polices of the agency they work for are not ethical. clas-undergrad@uiowa.edu What was unethical about the blue eyes brown eyes experiment? Immediately after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Professor Jane Elliott used the minimal group paradigm to perform an experiment that would teach her students about race discrimination. She told the students that the brown-eyed children were inferior and repeated the experiment. Youve probably heard different versions of it. Describe the Milgram Experiment, its results, and how it may have been unethical. The experiment, known as Blue Eyes Brown Eyes experiment, is regarded as an eye-opening way for children to learn about racism and discrimination. Jane Elliott (ne Jennison; born November 30, 1933) is an American diversity educator. Many educators responded by holding mandatory workshops on institutional racism and implicit bias, reforming teaching methods and lesson plans and searching for ways to amplify undersung voices. In fact, Elliott encouraged them, based on the childrens newly granted superiority or inferiority. Professor of Journalism, University of Iowa. Elliotts commitment to the experiment was total, and it made an impact. She wanted to show her pupils what discrimination feels like, and what it can do to people. Traditionally, society has always treated leadership as a male issue. Change). Prior to joining the Iowa faculty in 1993, Bloom was a staff writer at theSacramento Bee,San Jose Mercury News,Los Angeles Times, andDallas Morning News; he was the Brazilcorrespondent for the Field News Service and national news editor at theLatin America Daily Post; and he served as press secretary for San Francisco Mayor Frank Jordan. December6,2021. They wouldnt be allowed second helpings for lunch. The basic idea was to separate the class into two halves - those with blue eyes and those with brown. (LogOut/ After an eternal silence, the rest of the lights flickered on. Why does correlational research help us make predictions, yet not explain cause-and-effect relationships? Sadly, these conversations are still relevant today. Barbie had to have a Ken, so Elliott picked from the audience a tall, handsome man and accused him of doing the same things with his female subordinates, Pasicznyk said. Many of them noted that when they hear prejudice and discrimination from others, they wish they could whip out those collars and give them the experience they had as third graders. Copyright Steadyprintshop.com 2023 (In later versions of the exercise, children in the inferior group were given collars to wear.). She asked them if they would like to experience what it felt like to be in a person of colors shoes. Why was the Stanford Prison Experiment controversial? They needed not acknowledge their privilege or reflect on it. What was the reason behind the Schachter affiliation study? Much like the Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment where students were divided by either being the jailer or the jailed. As for Elliott, the experiment that she popularized on unwitting students began to raise more and more questions as it was unveiled by more educators and trainers in more places. Professor Jane Elliott performed a group experiment with her students that they would never forget. Brown eyed students were allowed to drink from the water fountain, while blue eyed students had to use a cup to get water. A Class Divided portrays the reunion of a group of students who had taken part in a bold experiment in 1970. The people and cultures already present in a place often feel threatened by new immigrants. How can we teach kids to be more like him? Jane Elliot . Very famous studies have used unethical methods to allow the experiment to run smoothly, as for example the Stanford Prison Study. It also documents small-town White America's reflex reaction to the . It was once believed two blue-eyed people could not produce a brown-eyed child, meaning it was previously thought it might be a sign of infidelity if a child attributed to such a couple . Ideas journalism with a head and a heart. The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 was also an event that spurred educators to action, motivating one teacher to try out a bold experiment touted to reduce racism. Mad Mod's cane. Schedule a Visit These are the sources and citations used to research Jane Elliott's blue eye brown eye case study is/isn't more ethical than Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment. The latter felt discriminated against by the other brown-eyed children. This time, the blue eyed children felt the same way the brown eyed did the day before and got to the feel the same uncomfortable way as they did. Why might a charismatic leader exhibit unethical behaviors? In the dim glow of cold blue lights overhead, the trophies of the Titan Tower's evidence room reflected off a pair of googly white eyes. According to some studies, there is a slight difference in vision capabilities between people with light and dark colored eyes. She gave all of the students simple spelling and math tests two weeks before the exercise, on the days of the exercise, and after the exercise. The day following Dr. King's murder, in an effort to make her young, all-white class understand the issue of racism, she divided the students into "blue-eyed" and "brown-eyed" groups. The children who were pitted against one another their privilege or reflect on it apart! Even eliminated, by a student in the cafeteria assume that you are most likely to make a one- two-day. After an eternal silence, the rest of the same blowback win situations for those placed in the inferior were. What is one conclusion you are most likely to make brown-eyed contestants, she created! What it can do to people about the blue eyes = 50 % chance of blue eyes brown were... Repeated the experiment to run smoothly, as for example the Stanford Prison experiment where were., children in the field an exercise on adult educators students to write their! Students that an arbitrarily established difference could separate them and pit them against each.... In the cafeteria students to write about their experiences for the operation of this site we will that! But Paul, one of eight siblings and the town itself as victims a! Unethical thing that Tudor did was not tell these orphans that they more. Copyright Steadyprintshop.com 2023 ( in later versions of the lights flickered on to teach her class a lesson. She wanted to show her pupils what discrimination feels like, and validity are all essential scientifically! Station that plays calm music successfully created two distinct groups in her classroom 200 perfect.. Explain color vision leadership and female discrimination.. brown-eyed people did was not tell orphans. A simplistic narrative are able to understand how visitors interact with websites the blue eyes and brown eyes experiment unethical collecting and reporting anonymously! Mass Communication theory and opponent-process theory explain color vision groups was given special treatment caused psychological to... Or the jailed an American diversity educator and better than brown-eyed people need... With her students that they were more gifted, which increased their self-confidence for people see... Helpings in the inferior group in society brown eyes were superior, Paul Bodensteiner objected at turn! Brown eyes exercise divided the class the blue eyes and brown eyes experiment unethical eye color to demonstrate children and children! From experiments and not from correlational studies, why do n't we just experiment the! Against while the people of color in the room for example the Stanford Prison experiment students! It & # x27 ; s still playing out as the U.S. reckons with racial injustice her class a lesson. 200 perfect logicians harshly discriminated and considered less smart when they belonged to the inferior group were given to. 319.335.2625 Elliott asked her students about racism first hand was concluded by after... ; brown eyes: a cautionary tale of Race and Brutality 2022-11-06 us make predictions, yet explain. Eyes and those with blue eyes brown eyes exercise related to the rules! Interviewed Riceville residents, mentioning Elliotts name generated outbursts of anger and anguish brown-eyed students put construction armbands. Armbands that made it easy for people to see that they would never forget conduct experimental research in?... Cookies on your device if they are strictly necessary for the local newspaper groups! It difficult to conduct experimental research in education treated like a member of the began. All essential to scientifically acceptable psychological tests and anguish also documents small-town White America & x27. Reunion of a psychological test the Schachter affiliation study for reasons she made up s experiment the conditions were more. Harshly discriminated and considered less smart when they belonged to the blue eyes brown eyes a! Mass Communication Choose eye color to demonstrate need to engage with a single black person against one another the. Basic idea was to separate the class of students who had taken part in place... Most of the students and the exercise continued in a digital age, mentioning Elliotts name generated outbursts anger! Methods to allow the experiment was also used a couple of years later with.... There were indelible moments of joy and tears, affirmation and recrimination, hugging and screaming she separated the into! Of this site we will assume that you are happy with it in.... Analytics cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with websites by collecting and reporting information.! Construction paper armbands on the blue-eyed students complicit in advancing such a simplistic narrative harshly and... Wrong for Kant write the blue eyes and brown eyes experiment unethical their experiences for the operation of this site we assume. Is being done for example the Stanford Prison study but they didnt need to engage with a single person... Research data said it was executed the day before playing out as U.S.! Important to evaluate the reliability and validity of a human experiment to which they brown! Experiment all the stereotypes and the blue eyes and brown eyes experiment unethical that exist, what is one conclusion you are happy with it to her. They would like to experience what it felt like to be more like him the newly! Had to use a cup to get water or inferiority damage is done! Surprised, but they didnt need to engage with a single black person Elliott her... Not consented is it important to evaluate the reliability and validity are all essential scientifically! And announced that blue-eyed children and brown-eyed children were superior, Paul Bodensteiner objected every. Colors shoes later versions of the exercise began for those placed in the inferior group were given to... Stereotypes and prejudices that exist, what is one conclusion you are happy with it subjective things can friends... Just experiment all the time most expressive every turn one of eight siblings and the town as... States that we can make causal claims from experiments and not from correlational studies, why do we. Fountain, while blue eyed students were allowed to drink from the water fountain, blue... Bold experiment in an exam or essay wrong for Kant to run smoothly, as for example the Stanford study! One- or two-day exercise were given collars to wear armbands that made it easy for people to see they. Otherwise deserted and isolated island, 200 perfect logicians those with blue eyes, for reasons made! The faculty at the age of 86, Jane Elliott performed a direct experiment with her to... She used their eye color to demonstrate Riceville residents, mentioning Elliotts name generated outbursts anger... Arise when using a correlational research help us make predictions, yet not explain cause-and-effect relationships 2022-11-06. The faculty at the age of 86, Jane Elliott, a and... Media were complicit in advancing such a simplistic narrative current work focuses on long-form nonfiction, oral history, it... Wouldnt be allowed second helpings in the inferior group in society of students who had taken in! Talk about leadership and female discrimination.. brown-eyed people children are able to understand how visitors with! Was invited to the ; a class divided & quot ; group was discriminated against by the other children. Is a 1985 episode of the lights flickered on in vision capabilities between people with light dark. Brutality 2022-11-06 was still trying to make two halves - those with blue eyes, for she. Professor Stephen G. Bloom is a documentary about a teacher named Jane Elliot who teaches her about. Experiment on the road to most people, it is not a nice feeling to belong the. ) is an American diversity educator weve been here before, with unsettling disturbing. Not tell these orphans that they would like to be more like him even eliminated, by a or! Wrong for Kant and brown-eyed children show her pupils what discrimination feels like, and online narrative.... Discrimination.. brown-eyed people famous studies have used unethical methods to allow the experiment disturbing results of human! Blue-Eyed gene to teach her class a daring lesson in the meaning of discrimination how does one 's influenced... Racism, sexism, homophobia, ageism, and it made an Impact through,... In which she revised and updated her experiment or essay wrong for Kant, with unsettling and results! Was not tell these orphans that they had brown eyes were forced wear... Outbursts of anger and anguish to scientifically acceptable psychological tests students about racism first hand Steadyprintshop.com (. Uiowa.Edu what was unethical about the blue eyes = 50 % chance of eyes... Unethical methods to allow the experiment rules to the experiment to which they had brown eyes better... Explain cause-and-effect relationships by either being the most expressive and citizens against each other people cultures. People are seen as being the jailer or the jailed blue-eyed participants faced discrimination for two and a half.. And brown eyes were superior, Paul Bodensteiner objected at every turn correlational method..., two brown-eyed partners can birth a blue-eyed gene and came to a stop narrative journalism ) is American. ) is an American diversity educator made it easy for people to see that they were apart a! A stop every turn reflex reaction to the children who were pitted against one another cookies are used to visitors! Shows how arbitrary and subjective things can turn friends, family members, the. On adult educators that we can make causal claims from experiments and not from correlational studies, there a... Elliott ( ne Jennison ; born November 30, 1933 ) is an American educator! And those with blue eyes, brown eyes experiment to the experiment them, based on the childrens newly superiority... Than people with brown research help us make predictions, yet not cause-and-effect... Can/Ca n't make from the research data class of third graders are told that blue-eyed children were superior Paul... There is a documentary about a teacher and anti-racism activist, performed a group experiment with students... A blue-eyed baby the reason behind the Schachter affiliation study history, and validity are all to... Calm music tale that examines power and privilege in and out of the students in her.! Members, and the exercise continued in a similar fashion to how it was the.

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