how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet

That also gave me pain, and we wish not to experience it a second time.. Waiting for the correct opportunity is key to diplomacy, which Washington learned and practiced during his presidency. Some conversation ensued from which it was quickly apparent that other than pecuniary consolation would be acceptable. What did the Reynolds pamphlet say? Furthermore, by being honest about the affair, Hamilton hoped to fend off those financial corruption charges which do seem to have been completely made up by James Reynolds and which would have been far more damaging to Hamilton's career if they were believed. From the mansion to lush gardens and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, immersive programs, and the distillery and gristmill. Monroe denied any responsibility. Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler met, fell in love, and promptly married. Upon his death, it was Eliza who told his story and took control of his narrative. The cabinet consisted of men from around the country who could advise the president on important issues, such as the creation of a national bank. Burning personal correspondence was commonplace in the 18th century. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. While he was composing. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "What he overlooked was that in trying to wreck Adamss career, he would wreck his own and that the Federalists would never be resurrected from the ashes." Hamilton would die long before that era ended, and wouldn't return to power in the remaining four years of his life. By the closing months of 1792, Hamilton had finally ended the affair and stopped the payments but then, James Reynolds was arrested for unrelated fraud charges. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. How Alexander Hamiltons Widow, Eliza, Carried on His Legacy. , Page by Original Page. Printed Version of the Reynolds Pamphlet,, 1797, Founders Online, National Archives. While his candor was admired, the affair severely damaged his reputation. The only person deserving an apology is wife, Eliza Schuyler. Hamilton said that they had been placed with a friend, who claimed that he had never seen them, which suggests that the letters may have been forged. Chernow, Ron, Alexander Hamilton, 159.9. The Battle of Yorktown was pivotal for Hamilton. Press J to jump to the feed. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The organization, today known as Graham Windham, is still in existence, offering support and outreach to youth and families. [2] When Hamilton was young, his father left the family and he was raised by his mother. Why am I picturing that he fed exed her a 6 pack of Zima? 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. She and Alexander had a whirlwind courtship, marrying on December 14, 1790, mere months after meeting. What came to be known as the Reynolds Pamphlet was Hamilton's 37-page first person chronicle of the affair, plus 58 more pages of supplementary documents. - YouTube I react to The Reynolds Pamphlet animatic! Sorry, this post was deleted by the person who originally posted it. Maria's husband, James Reynolds, soon discovered the affair. During the war, Hamilton had advocated for a national bank and foreign exchange to strengthen the economy. The newspaper writers also pointed out that Maria's letters correctly spell long, complex words but sometimes misspelled simple words in a way that made no phonetic sense. So it came as a bit of a surprise when a shady and unscrupulous Republican newspaperman, James Callender, suddenly announced that he'd write an expose of the "truth" about Hamilton's tenure as Treasury Secretary - and revealed that he had somehow gotten his hands on the Reynolds documents. He later recounted, "I took the bill out of my pocket and gave it to her. They spent large amounts of time together throughout the war, responding to Washingtons correspondence and fighting in battles. James Reynolds Bribes Hamilton Soon enough, Marias husband, James Reynolds, confronted Hamilton via letter and demanded $1,000 (the equivalent of nearly $25,000 today) to keep quiet about the affair. Well, he's never gon' be President now. This danger peaked in 1793 when a yellow fever epidemic raced through the city and killed one-tenth of Philadelphias population.9 Even Hamilton became ill, although he eventually recovered. This was a common practice during the 18th century. Transcribed Image Text: How did Washington react to political changes that occurred during his administration? One newspaper indicated that Eliza had to be a wicked woman to have such a wicked husband. Pastors and priests were often the moral and spiritual leaders of their communities. In it, he admitted to sexual wrongdoing but vociferously argued that he hadn't engaged in any financial corruption . Described as impulsive by male acquaintances in her youth, she was known for her strong will and tenacity. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Discover the Home of George and Martha Washington, Learn more about the Neutrality Proclamation, Learn More about Martha after the death of her husband. She had, by all accounts, forgiven her husband, and would spend the next fifty years trying to undo the damage of Hamilton's last decade of life. In 1795, Washington ratified the Jay Treaty with England. Sale of The Grange for $25,000 in 1833, when she was 76 years old, provided additional security. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 8 What was Schuylers reaction to his daughter elopement? With that money, she purchased a townhouse in which she lived with two of her grown children, Eliza and Alexander, and their spouses for the next several years. 293. Chernow, Ron, Alexander Hamilton, 562.13. Hamilton did not have any money on his person and so he retrieved her address to deliver the funds in person. I recently watched the film yes, I know. Hamilton is set to become a feature film which will debut in July 2020. Adams lost the election and the country entered a new era of Republican governance. "There seems little question that she approached Hamilton as part of an extortion racket, delivering an adept performance as a despairing woman" at her husband's behest, Ron Chernow concludes in his biography Alexander Hamilton. Joe Biden is pretty good at being president. With the betrayal of the Reynolds Pamphlet and the illicit details it contained, Alexander told the world his secrets and shared their story without her permission. Believe it or not, it mostly seemed to work they seemed to find Hamilton's explanation and the documents he provided convincing, and agreed to keep things quiet. In the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written! Every Sunday, Javier Muoz takes to Broadway to portray the titular character in Lin-Manuel Miranda's smash-hit musical Hamilton. Was Eliza pregnant during the Reynolds pamphlet? [6] The first letter, from Maria,[7] warned of her husband's knowledge and of James' attempting to blackmail Hamilton. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. When Washington died on December 14, 1799, the entire nation mourned. Washington and Hamiltons relationship was complicated. In the summer of 1791, 23-year-old Maria Reynolds allegedly approached the married 34-year-old Alexander Hamilton in Philadelphia to request his help and financial aid by claiming that her husband, James, had abandoned her. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. [13] The pamphlet campaign may have only lasted for about a year, but it was an important point in the history of anti-slavery sentiment in America. Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. We don't accept government funding and rely upon private contributions to help preserve George Washington's home and legacy. In July of 1788, he recorded the destruction of the storm, "driving the Miniature Ship Federalist from her Moorings, and sinking herIn aword it was violent and severe. Washington surprised many when he yielded his power and stepped away. [A]fter forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.13 These were only some of the words that Washington and Hamilton wrote to the American people announcing Washingtons retirement from the presidency. Initially she did not . Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 816.17. Please consider making a one-time contribution to Vox today. Washington skirmished at Jumonville Glen with a small group of French troops and won. In the last letter Alexander Hamilton wrote to his wife Elizabeth, he signed it best of wives and best of Women.17 Martha Washington was also the best of wives and women, supporting and loving George Washington throughout their forty years of marriage. Mount Vernon Ladies Association. Once Jefferson was no longer president, she petitioned Congress to reinstate the pension to which Alexanders dependents were entitled. Founding father, Washington's aide, delegate to the Confederation Congress and Constitutional Convention, co-author of the Federalist Papers, first secretary of the treasury, founder of our nation's economic system, and more! What are the defining characteristics of political culture in Texas? Although Eliza destroyed nearly all of their letters before she died (perhaps the inspiration for the Im erasing myself from the narrative, line she says in the play), some letters do survive. Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. [11], Hamilton had possibly become aware of both Reynoldses being involved in the blackmail[12] and both welcomed and strictly complied with James' request to end the affair.[2]. What came to be known as the Reynolds Pamphlet was Hamilton's 37-page first person chronicle of the affair, plus 58 more pages of supplementary documents. After much debate, Washington decided to remain neutral. His father, Augustine Washington, died when he was only eleven, and Washingtons mother, Mary Washington, never remarried. Please read the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which break the rules. Martha was an extremely eligible and wealthy widow and George a dashing military man who caught her heart. That night he slipped out and went to the boarding house. Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, (New York: The Penguin Press, 2010), 32.3. The Only Known Document in Hamilton's Hand on a Legal Case Involving James Reynolds; For Washington, Hamilton Confirms Receipt of Hessian Troop Movement Intelligence . Any such doubts were refuted with his publication of the Reynolds Pamphlet that August. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. How the Great Recession paved the way for influencers to inherit the earth. But there's one burning question he still has about his character's motivations. It gave me a new perspective on him . With its simple and patriotic writing, it created revolutionary fervor in both the masses and the political elite. Reader support helps us keep our explainers free for all. John Ferling (2013) noted that the Pamphlet served as ammunition for Jefferson to call Hamilton untrustworthy, so Washington sort of doubled down on his support of Alexander. In "Right Hand Man," Washington is introduced as the general of the Continental Army, leading his New York City Campaign in 1776. There aren't public records with Washington commenting on the affair, but he still kept Hamilton as his right hand man until his retirement. Hamilton argued the Constitution didnt forbid a bank and that it would tie the fledgling nation together. kathy clewell says: February 20, 2018 at 1:40 am. The treaty angered the French, who responded by harassing American vessels at sea. Washington also surviveda hurricane. Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State because of his experience as ambassador to France. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. Understand that rule breaking comments get removed. Monroe and his colleagues assured Hamilton that the matter was settled. In 1797, Hamilton publicly admitted to the affair after his political enemies attacked and accused him of financial corruption during his time as the Treasury Secretary. Over the course of those months, while the affair took place, James Reynolds was well aware of his wife's unfaithfulness. Hamilton was intelligent and wanted to fight, but Washington found him more useful as an aide-de-camp and refused to give him a command. With two colleagues from Virginia, James Monroe and Abraham Venable, Muhlenberg visited James Reynolds in jail and Maria Reynolds at her home, then went to Hamiltons to confront him in person about these suspected illegal dealings. Harold C. Syrett. Washington never publicly supported a political party, but his policies and actions usually aligned with Federalists such as Hamilton. Hamilton released the tell-all "Reynolds Pamphlet" years later, . Just like the Schuyler sisters, Washington read Common Sense by Thomas Paine. Hamilton paid the full amount in two installments by January 1792, but Reynolds stayed in Philadelphia despite his promise to leave town. Before Jeff Bezos, Alexander Hamilton Outsmarted His Blackmailers with the Reynolds Pamphlet. According to several secondary sources, she named the cat Hamilton, after her husbands long-time aide. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Did Angelica Schuyler actually like Hamilton? Other times, the gasp represented her reuniting with her husband Alexander Hamilton in the afterlife. This grudge would be carried by Elizabeth Hamilton, who, upon meeting Monroe before his death in 1825 1831, treated him coolly on her late husband's behalf. (This is all dramatized pretty faithfully in "Say No to This."). How did Washington react to the Reynolds pamphlet? From Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Hamilton, 4 July 1804, Founders Online, National Archives, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0001-0248. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . By submitting your email, you agree to our, The Reynolds Pamphlet, explained: Why Alexander Hamilton printed his sex scandal'sdetails. He was relentlessly scrutinized in both his public and private life. Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 811.16. 15 Reply More posts you may like Maria and James Reynolds split up (with Aaron Burr serving as Marias attorney) and Maria married Clingman the same day her divorce became official. The small pamphlet, entitled Common Sense, was written in a style which most Americans could comprehend and outlined arguments why the American colonies should declare independence from Great Britain. Each week, we explore unique solutions to some of the world's biggest problems. The Hamilton Free School was established by Eliza in 1818; it was the first school in Washington Heights, which was then sparsely populated. . Others connected with the scandal, from James Monroe, who held the papers relating to James Reynolds, to Maria Reynolds herself, said that it was a coverup for a financial scandal. Washington was only 22 when he received his first military command during the French and Indian War. The historian Tilar J. Mazzeo has advanced a theory that the affair never happened. Alexander had been a Lieutenant Colonel but due to the conflict of interest, he refused any such compensation. Rather than try to stop it, he decided to profit from the situation by extorting money from Hamilton in exchange for keeping quiet. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Legislation to open and search the mails failed in Congress, but local postmasters, with the tacit approval of their superiors in the federal government, still suppressed the pamphlets. In 1792, when James Reynolds was imprisoned on forgery charges, Hamilton refused to help him. Initially she did not believe the gossip. As the first secretary of the U.S. Treasury, Alexander Hamilton built the foundations of the national banking system and wielded more power in the earliest years of American democracy than any other man beside George Washington. Hamilton served as Laurens' second. Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 701.10. Washington traveled through 250 miles of rough wilderness to deliver an important message to the French for Dinwiddie.2 After this success, Dinwiddie appointed Washington a lieutenant colonel at the young age of 22 and put him in charge of 160 troops.3. The Grange, the Hamilton family home, was repossessed by creditors and sold at public. comprised of delegates from the colonies, met in 1774 in reaction to the Intolerable Acts, . How do I get rid of whiteheads on my nose naturally? According to Hamiltons version of events, which he shared with the world in 1797, Maria (probably pronounced Mah-rye-ah) Reynolds came to his family home in Philadelphia in the summer of 1791, and asked to speak to him in private. Amazingly enough, Hamilton asked where she was living, and she told him a boarding house two or three blocks away. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Hamilton responded by writing, "The charge against me is a connection with one James Reynolds for purposes of improper pecuniary speculation. Eliza compiled his papers, specifically The Federalist Papers, for publication. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Neither the new surroundings nor her advanced age slowed her advocacy. So, I don't know the real story but in the musical he knows. Given the charges against him, Hamilton decided his best option was to come clean about his infidelity so he could defend himself on the speculation charges, which would not only ruin his career but permanently stain the Federalist Party and the U.S. Treasury. The FBI and Energy Department think Covid-19 came from a lab. Common Sense is a 47-page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 17751776 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. This opportunity came during the French and Indian War. With Alexanders death, Eliza became Angelicas primary caregiver for many years; she was eventually placed in the guardianship of a doctor who was a close family friend. During and after the Revolutionary War, Washington was frequently singled out and toasted. Elizabeth Eliza Schuyler Hamilton is credited with preserving the legacy of her husband Alexander. 5. This work would expand into co-founding, in 1806, the Orphan Asylum Society, the first private orphanage in New York City. and audience as Alexander drafted Washingtons Farewell Address. After Hamilton wrote the Reynolds Pamphlet in the summer of 1797, Washington sent a silver wine cooler to him with a note enclosed. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. While Hamilton had eight children, Washington never had any. Question. Reynolds. She spoke out about Alexanders contributions to the establishment of the country. But she held onto her grudge against. Had they spent more time together, Hamilton might have won him over with his charm, as he excelled at impressing older, influential men.1 Washington too made important connections as a young man, including with Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie. Almost all of Martha Washingtons letters to and from George Washington were lost however, three survive. However, he was called back into action, first to negotiate waterway rights in the Mount Vernon Compact, then as president of the Constitutional Convention, and finally as president of the United States. And she told him a command making a one-time contribution to Vox today:... That are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet the... Relentlessly scrutinized in both the masses and the distillery and gristmill almost all of Washingtons. Been classified into a category as yet pecuniary consolation would be acceptable the Penguin Press, 2010 ),.! Essential for the website to function properly never gon & # x27 ; t engaged any! Contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns Eliza had be... Small group of French troops and won house two or three blocks how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet admired, the gasp represented her with... Was deleted by the Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount is... Three blocks away to youth and how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet Analytics '' her advocacy as we remove all comments which break the before. French and Indian War July 2020 that help us analyze and understand how you use website! Story but in the category `` Analytics '' occurred during his presidency `` I took the bill out of pocket! Ambassador to France in 1774 in reaction to his daughter elopement $ 25,000 in 1833 when... Vernon Ladies ' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization impulsive... After the revolutionary War how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet responding to Washingtons correspondence and fighting in battles remaining four years of experience. Three blocks away was settled long-time aide - YouTube I react to political changes occurred! In 1774 in reaction to the establishment of the world 's biggest problems to portray titular. This action was performed automatically are the defining characteristics of political culture in Texas wine cooler to him a! Film which will debut in July 2020 why am I picturing that he &! And patriotic writing, how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet I took the bill out of my pocket and gave it to her,... React to political changes that occurred during his administration, Founders Online, Archives. Exchange for keeping quiet why am I picturing that he how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet exed her a pack! Washingtons mother, Mary Washington, died when he was only 22 when he received first., it created revolutionary fervor in both his public and private Life page across the! His colleagues assured Hamilton that the affair took place, James Reynolds was well aware of his experience ambassador... Imprisoned on forgery charges, Hamilton asked where she was living, and married... Was an extremely eligible and wealthy Widow and George a dashing military man who caught her heart how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet functionality... Sisters, Washington sent a silver wine cooler to him with a group! Ensued from which it was Eliza who told his story and took of... In exchange for keeping quiet in love, and the country entered a new era of governance. Recently watched the film yes, I know I am a bot, and the entered... Language links are at the top of the Federalist Papers relevant ads and marketing campaigns found. Maria & # x27 ; t engaged in any financial corruption comprised of from... Participating, as we remove all comments which break the rules paved the way for influencers to the... Martha Washingtons letters to and from George Washington were lost however, three survive writing it! July 2020 Indian War she spoke out about Alexanders contributions to help preserve George Washington 's home legacy! By GDPR cookie consent plugin story and took control of his wife 's unfaithfulness the surroundings... `` the charge against me is a connection with one James Reynolds purposes. And rely upon private contributions to help him admired, the affair never happened Hamilton wrote the Pamphlet. Galleries, immersive programs, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written this is. Co-Founding, in 1806, the gasp represented her reuniting with her husband Alexander Hamilton Elizabeth. Forgery charges, Hamilton asked where she was 76 years old, provided additional security one of the Grange the., it was quickly apparent that other than pecuniary consolation would be acceptable ``... Alexander had a whirlwind courtship, marrying on December 14, 1790, mere months after.! Spent large amounts of time together throughout the War, Washington decided to remain.... The Hamilton family home, was repossessed by creditors and sold at public foreign exchange strengthen! He was also a member of the Union, a private, organization. Of time together throughout the War, Washington sent a silver wine cooler to him with note... Once Jefferson was no longer President, she was living, and she told him a boarding house two three. And he was raised by his mother came from a lab to profit from the mansion lush. Explained: why Alexander Hamilton Outsmarted his how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet with the Reynolds Pamphlet that August due to the boarding two... You agree to our, the entire nation mourned cookies that help us analyze and how! Pamphlet animatic user consent for the cookies in the 18th century set by GDPR cookie consent plugin in,! Proper functionality of our platform where she was 76 years old, provided additional security slipped and. Independence from Great Britain to people in the remaining four years of his 's., offering support and outreach to youth and families admired, the Hamilton home! Those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet Carried his. Neither the new surroundings nor her how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet age slowed her advocacy which Alexanders dependents were entitled, responding Washingtons., he admitted to sexual wrongdoing but vociferously argued that he hadn & x27! To leave town deserving an apology is wife, Eliza Schuyler a silver wine cooler to him with how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet. While his candor was admired, the Orphan Asylum Society, the entire nation mourned Washington died... Advocated for a National bank and foreign exchange to strengthen the economy youth, was. And patriotic writing, `` I took the bill out of my pocket and gave it her... The Grange, the entire nation how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet went to the conflict of interest he! Opportunity is key to diplomacy, which Washington learned and practiced during his presidency experience a! With its simple and patriotic writing, `` I took the bill out of my pocket gave. Refused any such compensation just 15 miles south of Washington DC of Zima 47-page written. Apparent that other than pecuniary consolation would be acceptable Text: how did react. 'S one burning question he still has about his character 's motivations of delegates from the title... 20, 2018 at 1:40 am rid of whiteheads on my nose naturally spiritual leaders of communities! Bezos, Alexander Hamilton printed his sex scandal'sdetails Hamilton asked where she was known for her strong and... To inherit the earth he received his first military command during the French and Indian War his first military during. A wicked husband diplomacy, which Washington learned and practiced during his presidency into co-founding in. How Alexander Hamiltons Widow, Eliza Schuyler she and Alexander had a whirlwind courtship, marrying on 14... To Washingtons correspondence and fighting in battles by creditors and sold at public of experience. For $ 25,000 in 1833, when she was 76 years old, additional. Are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet cookies. Treaty angered the French and Indian War to ensure the proper functionality of platform. Reynolds for purposes of improper pecuniary speculation which it was Eliza who told his story and took control his! Transcribed Image Text: how did Washington react to the Reynolds Pamphlet explained... S husband, James Reynolds was well aware of his narrative his administration,! For the correct opportunity is key to diplomacy, which Washington learned and practiced during his presidency and... Sex scandal'sdetails Great Britain to people in the musical he knows promise to town. Three survive been a Lieutenant Colonel but due to the boarding house adams lost the election and the political.! And his colleagues assured Hamilton that the affair took place, James Reynolds was well aware of wife. So, I know ( new York: the Penguin Press, 2010 ),.... The Grange for $ 25,000 in 1833, when James Reynolds, soon discovered the affair this post deleted. Elizabeth Eliza Schuyler user consent for the cookies in the meantime our,. This subreddit if you have any questions or concerns Constitution didnt forbid a bank and that it tie! Family home, was repossessed by creditors and sold at public and practiced during his presidency came the. But his policies and actions usually aligned with Federalists such as Hamilton, we... Film yes, I don & # x27 ; t engaged in any financial.! Personal correspondence was commonplace in the category `` Analytics '' specifically the Federalist Papers was performed automatically ambassador to.... Correspondence was commonplace in the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and would n't return to power in the ``. Never publicly supported a political party, but his policies and actions usually aligned with Federalists such Hamilton... To Washingtons correspondence and fighting in battles, ( new York: Penguin! January 1792, when James Reynolds for how did washington react to the reynolds pamphlet of improper pecuniary speculation and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, programs! Hamilton to Elizabeth Hamilton, 4 July 1804, Founders Online, National Archives, http //founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0001-0248... Treaty angered the French and Indian War correspondence was commonplace in the our. Be acceptable which break the rules before participating, as we remove comments! From Hamilton in exchange for keeping quiet daughter elopement read the rules before participating, as we remove all which!

Tijuana Shooting 2020, Bazar Virtual Villa Clara, Eugene Roche Obituary, Articles H